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KNM-ER 812 is a mandible fragment attributed to a juvenile Paranthropus boisei. The heavily eroded fragment retains some parts of the retained roots of the deciduous canine and first and second deciduous molars remain preserved occlusally, all the crowns of these teeth have been lost [1][2].  It has a stratigraphical position of 4m beneath the base of A2 in Area 104 of Koobi Fora and is dated to ~1.78 Ma [3].

KNM-ER 814A is a left frontal fragment of the cranium of a Paranthropus boisei. It was found in Area 104 of Koobi Fora [1][2]. It was stratigraphically located 4m below the A2 marker in KBS member and is dated to ~1.78 Ma [3][4]. 

KNM-ER 814B is a cranial fragment of a Paranthropus boisei. It was found in Area 104 of Koobi Fora [1][2]. It was stratigraphically located 4m below the A2 marker in KBS member and is dated to ~1.78 Ma [3][4].

KNM-ER 814C is a cranial fragment of a Paranthropus boisei. It was found in Area 104 of Koobi Fora [1][2]. It was stratigraphically located 4m below the A2 marker in KBS member and is dated to ~1.78 Ma [3][4]. 

KNM-ER 814D is a cranial fragment of a Paranthropus boisei. It was found in Area 104 of Koobi Fora [1][2]. It was stratigraphically located 4m below the A2 marker in KBS member and is dated to ~1.78 Ma [3][4].

Sangiran is a UNESCO World Heritage site located in Central Java, Indonesia. It is one of the key sites for the understanding of human evolution that illustrates the development of Homo sapiens sapiens, over two million years from the Lower Pleistocene to the present through understanding fossils and artefactual material that it has produced. It became famous after the discovery of Homo erectus remains and associated stone artifacts (Sangiran flake industry) in the 1930s. It also yields important archaeological occupation floors dating back to the Lower Pleistocene [1].

Hadar is a famous palaeoanthropological site in Ethiopia’s Afar Region. It is the most prolific hominin site in the Lower Valley of the Awash, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is best known for the discovery of “Lucy”, a 3.2 million-year-old partial skeleton of a female Australopithecus afarensis found by Donald Johanson in 1974 [1][2][3][4][5].

Sima del Elefante (TE) is one of the main palaeoanthropological sites in the Sierra de Atapuerca archaeological cave complex [1][2], a UNESCO World Heritage site in Spain [3]. The Sima del Elefante site preserves a long Early to Middle Pleistocene sequence with Oldowan and Acheulean tools, as well as archaic Homo fossils in the lower levels [4][5][2]. It is also well known for the discovery of Europe’s oldest human fossils, including a 1.2 to 1.3 million-year-old mandible [4] and a hand phalanx [6], and more recently facial fragments estimated to be 1.4 million years old [7]. 

Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia, Russia is the type locality of the Denisovans. It contains stratified deposits that preserve skeletal and genetic evidence of hominins, artefacts made from stone and other materials, and a range of animal and plant remains. Hominin remains recovered include Denisovans, Neanderthals, and a first-generation offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father, which suggests that Denisova Cave was a contact zone between these archaic hominins [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].

Swartkrans is an early Pleistocene cave site in South Africa’s Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site. The site has yielded fossils of several early hominin species. Hominin fossil finds in the site include those of Homo ergaster, Paranthropus robustus, and Homo habilis, dating as far back as 2.3 million years ago. These discoveries, along with stone artefacts, bone and horn tools, and evidence of the controlled use of fire, have contributed significantly to our understanding of the evolution of early Homo and Paranthropus, as well as the earliest archaeology of southern Africa [1][2][3].