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D3444 is a hominin skull found in the Dmanisi site in Georgia. Skull 3 is made up of D3444 and D2600 (mandible). This individual is notable in that it lost all but one tooth and could have only survived by eating food that did not require heavy chewing, such as soft plants and animal food, or by receiving help from other individuals [1][2][3].

D4500 is a hominin skull discovered in Georgia at the Dmanisi site. D4500 together with D2600 (mandible) makes up Skull 5. Skull 5 is the world’s first fully preserved adult hominin skull from the early Pleistocene. Its age is estimated to be 1.8 million years, and its classification has been the subject of an ongoing debate within the palaeoanthropological community [1][2][3].

The Dmanisi site in Georgia is famous for producing the first evidence of hominin dispersal outside of Africa [1][2]. It is well known for its diverse fauna, early human remains, and stone artefacts. Occupation of the site dates to shortly after 1.85 million years ago until 1.77 million years ago [3].

The Dmanisi Skulls 1 to 5 are highly significant within the study of early hominin migrations out of Africa. Though their precise classification is controversial and highly debated [4], having five skulls from one site provides an unprecedented opportunity to study variation in what was presumably a single population [5].