The Bison Cave or Grotte du Bison is part of the set of caves of Arcy-sur-Cure, located in the town of Arcy-sur-Cure in the department of Yonne in Burgundy, France.

It is one of the sixteen caves and galleries registered as a Historic Monument in 1992.

Its first human occupation dates back to the typical ancient Mousterian, prior to 200,000 BP. The Mousterian deposit of this cave, as well as that of the Reindeer cave, is particularly important in size.

It was less frequented than the Reindeer Cave during the Upper Paleolithic. A team of researchers has been working there since 1995 under the responsibility of Maurice Hardy. The bottom of the cave was used by Neanderthals for butchery and leather activities; They left scrapers and scrapers. The location of these remains, located in the darkest part of the cave, is contrary to common usage: generally the parts used are those receiving at least a little light. The gallery opening at the bottom of the cave presented one of the few structures dating from the Mousterian: a small hearth with a stone border, 2 m from the beginning of the gallery, where the ceiling is only 45 cm high.

Two left upper molars were found in 1963 in the J layer. In 2008 four other human remains, belonging to two adults and a child or possibly two children, were found in layer I: a portion of the right maxilla with six permanent teeth (from the canine to the 3rd molar), part of the sinus and part of the nasal floor; a permanent upper left 3rd molar which, showing a different degree of wear than that of the set of six teeth on the maxilla, belongs to another individual; a decidual incisor of a child about two years old, typically Neanderthal by its developed lingual tubercle; and a permanent first molar germ, which could belong to the same child.

The right upper maxilla, found in June 2008 under the scree of the porch, is that of a Neanderthal about 35 to 40 years old; The bone bears traces of hyena bites and has been dated to 40,000 years or more. A human molar and incisor were nearby, belonging to a young adult and a child.

This level I showed an occupation of the cave by hyenas, who could have brought these remains there.

F. David (2009) cites a molar, two incisors and a fragment of cranial vault found in the time of Leroi-Gourhan in layer 3, yet archaeologically "sterile". These remains were located in a space of 1 m x 50 cm, associated with a flint sketch and bone fragments from the layer immediately above. This association, together with the sterile environment, led Leroi-Gourhan to form the hypothesis of a tomb.